Composting
The Composting Process
What is Compost?
Compost is decomposed organic material. Compost is made with material such as leaves, shredded twigs, and kitchen scraps from plants.
To gardeners, compost is considered “black gold” because of its many benefits in the garden. Compost is a great material for garden soil. Adding compost to clay soils makes them easier to work and plant. In sandy soils, the addition of compost improves the water holding capacity.
Composting is also a good way to recycle leaves and other yard waste. Instead of paying a company to haul away leaves, you can compost the leaves and return the nutrients to your garden.
The Composting Process
The composting process involves four main components:
Organic Matter
Mix brown materials (dead leaves, twigs, manure) and green materials (lawn clippings, fruit rinds). The best ratio is 1 part green to 1 part brown material.
Moisture
Compost should be comparable to the wetness of a wrung-out sponge. Add water during dry periods or when adding large amounts of brown organic material.
Oxygen
Turn the compost pile so materials at the edges are brought to the center. Wait at least two weeks before turning to allow the center to heat up.
Bacteria & Microorganisms
Bacteria break down plant material into useful compost. By supplying organic materials, water, and oxygen, the already present bacteria will do the work.
How Long Does It Take?
The amount of time needed to produce compost depends on several factors, including the size of the compost pile, the types of materials, the surface area of the materials, and the number of times the pile is turned.
For most efficient composting, use a pile that is between 3 feet cubed and 5 feet cubed. This allows the center of the pile to heat up sufficiently to break down materials.
With frequent turning, compost can be ready in about 3 months, depending on the time of year. In winter, the activity of the bacteria slows. In summer, warm temperatures encourage bacterial activity and the composting process is quicker.
Using Compost in the Yard
Incorporate compost into your garden as you prepare the soil in the spring. Cover the area with 3-4 inches of soil and till it in to at least the upper 6 inches of soil.
You may also use compost as mulch around flower beds, vegetable gardens, or around trees or shrubs. Apply a 3 inch layer. Be careful not to apply mulch close to the main stem or trunk of the plant.
Learn More About Composting
Illinois Extension Composting Guide